1177 lines
52 KiB
TypeScript
1177 lines
52 KiB
TypeScript
import { Body, Title } from "solid-start";
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import AssetHandler from "~/components/Asset";
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import DeviceTile from "~/components/DeviceTile";
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import R from "~/components/Reference";
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import Navbar, { lightMode } from "~/components/en/Navbar";
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import "~/styles/overview.scss";
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function Overview() {
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const { FullscreenView, Asset } = AssetHandler();
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return (
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<Body class="overview" classList={{ "light-mode": lightMode() }}>
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<Title>Introduction EUCs</Title>
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<FullscreenView />
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<Navbar />
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<header>
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<img src="/images/cover.jpg" />
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</header>
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{/*
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<!--Intro-->
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*/}
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<article>
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<div>
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<h2>Before you read:</h2>
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<p>Here are a few things before you start to read.</p>
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<p>
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First, this side looks best opened on PC at fullscreen, because then
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some extra photos and videos will appear which are hidden otherwise.
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Mouse hover effects also only appear on PC.
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</p>
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<p>
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Second, you may not know every word written here, which is why there
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is a <R href="#begriffe">glossary</R> and you can click on certain
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words to find a definition.
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</p>
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<p>
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Third, this side is very long and takes a deep dive into a lot of
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topics. Reading everything will take around 30 minutes.{" "}
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<b>Therefore</b>, this side is divided into <b>sections</b>,
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callable via the navigation bar at the side.
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</p>
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<p>
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Lastly, to zoom into pictures on pc, just hover your mouse over
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them, keep mouse in the middle to avoid zooming.
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</p>
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</div>
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{/*
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<!--was sind eucs-->
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*/}
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<div>
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<h2>What are EUCs</h2>
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<div class="righties">
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<Asset src="/images/what is euc.jpg" />
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</div>
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<div class="lefties">
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<Asset src="/images/KidsKS16X.jpg" />
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</div>
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<p>
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EUC stands for <b>E</b>lectric<b>U</b>ni<b>C</b>ycle. In simplest
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terms it's a battery powered motor surrounded by a motorcycle tire,
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kept upright with gyroscopes. The principle is similar to a segway,
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but more on that in chapter{" "}
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<R href="#funktion">technical functionality</R>. You stand on two
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side mounted pedals, facing forward with the wheel in between your
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legs. To accelerate you lean forward, to break you lean back.
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Steering is similar to a normal unicycle or bike.
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</p>
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</div>
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{/*
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<!--warum?-->
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*/}
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<div>
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<h2 id="why">Why ride a unicycle?</h2>
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<div class="righties">
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<Asset src="/videos/whyS22.mp4" />
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</div>
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<div class="lefties">
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<Asset src="/videos/SkippinTrafficDanceWW.mp4" />
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</div>
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<p>
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Many people ask, why not just ride an E-bike or E-scooter? Well,
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there are multiple reasons:
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</p>
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<p>
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The <b>riding experience</b> is absolutely astonishing and not
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comparable with anything else. It becomes a part of yourself, an
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extension of your legs, and it feels absolutely natural to ride. At
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some point, once you've ridden long enough, handlebars just feel
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weird and out of place, unnecessary and uncomfortable. Just think
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about inline skating. You forget that they are there, likewise you
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forget that you are riding on an EUC, because they become a part of
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you.
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</p>
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<p>
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Contrary to what many people first think when they see an EUC, you
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don't need to constantly balance and be super focused on normal
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ground. It happens automatically, you just lean where you want to
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go, and the rest follows.
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</p>
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<p>
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This <b>naturalness</b> is even more pronounced when accelerating
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and decelerating. You are not pushed or pulled by anything like with
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all other modes of transportation. Instead, you accelerate
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synchronously with the unicycle as if you were flying. And you can
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do it quickly too if you want, you have extremely precise speed and
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acceleration controls, in contrast to some scooters.
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</p>
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<p>
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Another reason is the <b>form factor</b> combined with the
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performance. No other electric means of transport has so much power
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and range in such a small package. And it doesn't matter whether
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you're on the road or in the steepest forest. Electric unicycles can
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climb steep slopes of up to 50° where no scooter or e-bike can keep
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up (you can't even walk up there on foot). Depending on the device
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and skill, 10 m wide jumps on MTB trails are doable, as are 2 m high
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drops on flat ground.
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</p>
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<p>
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A <b>range</b> of up to 230 km (about 143 mi) and a charging time of
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just 3 hours are unrivaled in the PEV (Personal Electric Vehicle)
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segment, where even some cheap electric cars are worse. They achieve
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this through minimal energy consumption and a large battery size,
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combined with very efficient motors and only one tire resistance
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instead of 2 or 4. And all this is in the size of a suitcase or
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backpack.
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</p>
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<p>
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Another reason is also due to the form factor: it is super easy to{" "}
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<b>travel with</b>. Every current unicycle has a{" "}
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<R href="#trolley">trolley handle</R>, a pull-out handle similar to
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a suitcase. Since the device is self-balancing, it's super easy to
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have it ride it self-alongside you without any hassle. Whether on
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the train or on the bus, where you can get through yourself, the
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unicycle can also get through, as the pedals can be folded in to
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make it even narrower. It doesn't matter how much the device weighs,
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because unless there are stairs, it always keeps itself upright.
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</p>
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<p>
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But this is not only very <b>practical</b> for travelling, but also{" "}
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<b>in everyday life</b>. You can carry it with you when you go
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shopping instead of having to chain it outside. No need to park your
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bike or worry about it being stolen. But the smaller devices in
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particular have another major advantage: they fit in a car, even in
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larger quantities. Now, if you want to take a trip to a nice place
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to ride a unicycle, you can just put them in the trunk, or even
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between your feet. That would be impossible with e-bikes or
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scooters. You can also be picked up from anywhere or be dropped off
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anywhere and come back yourself. This is a blessing, especially for
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students or people who don't have or want a car.
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</p>
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</div>
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{/*
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<!--funktion-->
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*/}
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<div>
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<h2 id="funktion">Technical functionality</h2>
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<div class="righties">
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<Asset src="/images/Funktionsblld.webp" />
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</div>
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<div class="lefties">
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<Asset src="/images/realBattery.jpg" />
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</div>
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<p>
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As described above, the unicycle has multiple tilt sensors, also
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called gyroscopes. Several of them are needed, for one as
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redundancy, and because it has to recognize all 3 directions of
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tilt. The motherboard takes this data, and outputs a corresponding
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amount of power to the motor.
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</p>
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<p>
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The <b id="akku">battery</b> provides the power, which can consist
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of up to 200 individual battery cells and runs on 84 V/100 V/126
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V/134 V, depending on the device. These high voltages are achieved
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by connecting the batteries in series, while the number of parallels
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determines the maximum amperes. A device can have a 34s4p
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configuration, meaning 34 cells connected in series arranged in 4
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parallel packs, together then 34 * 4 = 136 cells. A cell runs on max
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4.2 V and can give 10 to 30 amps depending on the model. So far,
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mostly high-capacity cells from LG have been used, but recently some
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high-discharge Samsung 40T cells have also been considered and
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implemented, which can deliver significantly more power long term
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and are therefore safer for high-performance devices.
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</p>
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<p>
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Not enough <b id="parallels">parallels</b> in a battery pack result
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in an unreliable power supply for the motor, as high power demands
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can lead to a voltage drop (voltage sag). This means that for the
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duration of high demand the battery cannot provide full power, which
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is very dangerous with a self-balancing device. Because of this,
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most devices have 4 or more parallels. In addition, most devices
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have 2 separate battery systems, so the driver can still stop safely
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in case one fails. The high voltage is necessary to enable the high
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speeds. The higher the voltage the motor runs at, the fewer amperes
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the motor needs to achieve the same power output. High amps require
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a more robust motherboard, thicker cables, and generate more heat.
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</p>
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<p>
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All battery packs have a{" "}
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<b>
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<R href="#BMS">BMS</R>
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</b>{" "}
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(Battery Management System), which, dependent on the variant and
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quality, ensures the safety of the cells. If battery cells get
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overloaded, discharged or charged too much, they can in the best
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case lose capacity and in the worst case burst into flames. A good{" "}
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<R href="#BMS">BMS</R> is therefore essential for the safety and
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longevity of the device and the rider. More on this in the{" "}
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<R href="#akkuss">Battery Safety</R> section.
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</p>
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<div class="righties">
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<Asset src="/images/MoBo.jpg" />
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</div>
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<div class="lefties">
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<Asset src="/images/realMoBo1.PNG" />
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</div>
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<p>
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The <b>motherboard</b> consists of, among other things, the power
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input from the battery and charging socket, the three phase wires
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that connect the motor,{" "}
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<R href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistor">
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MOSFETs
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</R>{" "}
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and capacitors for current regulation and the tilt sensors, as well
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as sometimes a screen and a Bluetooth module. The power input from
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the battery usually runs via XT90 connectors, which are made for
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high currents. This current is distributed via the MOSFETs, between
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6 and 42 of them depending on the device, to the 3 phases that the
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motor needs to run. Capacitors (between 4 and 18) deliver peak
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power, which would be too fast for the <R href="#akku">battery</R>.
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So far, the usual buildup for a motherboard.
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</p>
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<p>
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However, unicycles need more specialized boards, as they also have
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to enable strong <b>recuperation</b>. This means that while braking,
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the braking energy goes back into the <R href="#akku">battery</R>{" "}
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and, in contrast to an electric car, to the full extent. The
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recuperation ability of a motherboard is decisive for the braking
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performance of a unicycle. It must therefore be possible to take
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back just as much current as can be put out, if not more.
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</p>
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<p>
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The screen and Bluetooth module are used, among other things, for
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displaying speed, music playback and information about the battery
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level and current power output. Some devices with a touchscreen can
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also adjust driving style and incline without a mobile phone app
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connection.
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</p>
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<div class="righties">
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<Asset src="/images/Motor.jpeg" />
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</div>
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<div class="lefties">
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<Asset src="/images/realMotor.png" />
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</div>
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<p>
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The <b id="motor">motor</b> of a unicycle is a 3-phase hub motor,
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i.e., a motor whose outer part is also the{" "}
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<R href="#reifen">tire</R>. The exact functionality and explanation
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you can find{" "}
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<R href="https://www.electricunicycles.eu/motor_in_electric_unicycle_part_1-c__201">
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here
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</R>
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. This saves noisy chains, gears and space, but also requires more
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precise motor control and finer coils as well as magnets inside. The
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motors are equipped with hall sensors, sometimes 2 for safety, which
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communicate the exact position of the motor to the motherboard.
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There is a distinction between high speed (HS) and high torque (HT)
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motors.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>High Speed</b> motors run faster and more efficiently at speed
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(up to 90 km/h or 56 mph at 100 V) but have very high energy
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consumption and less power at low speeds. The coils and magnets are
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larger; therefore, you can hear the motors steps grumbling at slow
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speed.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>High Torque</b> motors have very high torque (130 Nm - 300 Nm),
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are very efficient at low speed and feel considerably smoother. On
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the other hand, they usually do not reach higher speeds than around
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65 km/h (or 40 mph) at 100 V and lose performance with increasing
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speed.
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</p>
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<p>
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Since the introduction of 126 V and <b>134 V systems</b> this is a
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bit more unclear, so that now a HT motor at 134 V can also reach 92
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km/h and still have enough torque to drive up almost 50° steep
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walls. We will soon see what a HS motor at 134 V can achieve. Most
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of the time the battery and the motherboard are the limiting factor,
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the motors could do more in most cases. Thats why{" "}
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<R href="#begode">Gotway/Begode</R> has been using the same 2 motors
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for years now, only increasing battery performance and operating
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voltage.
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</p>
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<p>
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The interaction of all these components results in an extremely
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powerful, small and fast device, which accelerates from 0 to 50 km/h
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in 3 seconds and can reach up to 90 km/h, climbs 50° steep walls and
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still fits under the table.
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</p>
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</div>
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{/*
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<!--begriffe-->
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*/}
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<div>
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<h3 id="begriffe">Glossary and specification explanation</h3>
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<div class="table-half">
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<div>
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<p>
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<b id="tiltback">Tilt-back</b>: The device's pedals tilt
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backwards to slow the rider down. Used when the battery is low
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or when the power demand is too high, to protect the
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electronics.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b id="pedaldip">Pedal Dip</b>: The pedals dip forwards, the
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device cannot maintain the requested power and the pedals
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suddenly tilt forward (or backward under heavy braking). In most
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cases, however, the pedals come up again immediately, so that
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the ride can continue undisturbed (implies necessary skill).
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Pedal-angle</b>: Angle in which the pedals are mounted to the
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device, seen from the front view. A steeper angle provides more
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grip when cornering but can also become uncomfortable for longer
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rides.
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</p>
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<p class="imghover">
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<b id="spiked-pedals">Spiked-pedals</b>: Spikes on the pedals
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that give shoes more grip. Similar to mountain bike pedals,
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there are usually screw-in pointed metal pins that grip into the
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shoe to prevent accidental slipping. It's used today instead of
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sandpaper, as it offers an excellent grip even in wet and muddy
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conditions. <R href="https://youtu.be/aWU9lZAfKXM">Example</R>
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</p>
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<div class="hidden">
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<Asset src="/images/SpikedPedals.jpeg" />
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</div>
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<p class="imghover">
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<b id="pads">Pads</b>: parts made of plastic or foam that are
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mounted on the side of the device, usually printed from TPU and
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PLA and fastened with large, strong Velcro. They are necessary
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for better control and handling, especially for heavy and fast
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unicycles. They are divided into 2 types; many are combined
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together in one set.
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</p>
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<div class="hidden">
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<Asset src="/images/Pads.jpg" />
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</div>
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<p>
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<b>Power Pads</b>: have contact with the shin and the calves,
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are used for better acceleration and braking. Essential for
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heavy EUCs with high pedals.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Jump Pads</b>: have contact with the foot and verse, used for
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jumping and safety. In case of an unexpected bump in the road,
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they will hold your foot, so you don't fall off the device. But
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they might cause more injury in the case of a crash, because you
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can't get off quick enough
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Wobbles</b>: describes the unintentional wobbling of the
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device at higher speeds. More on this{" "}
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<R href="#wobbles">here</R>
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</p>
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</div>
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<div>
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<p class="imghover">
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<b id="trolley">Trolley Handle</b>: an extendable handle for
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pushing the device, similar to a suitcase.
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</p>
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<div class="hidden">
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<Asset src="/images/KidsKS16X.jpg" />
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</div>
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<p>
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<b>Kill-Switch</b>: a button under the handle that shuts off the
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motor. Ensures that the motor doesn't rev up when lifting.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Cut-off /Cut-out</b>: Sudden shutting off of the device while
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riding, see chapter <R href="#cutout">Cut-out</R>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>HS Motor</b>: High Speed motor, see chapter{" "}
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<R href="#motor">Motor</R>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>HT Motor</b>: High Torque motor, see chapter{" "}
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<R href="#motor">Motor</R>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>W</b>: Watt, power specification, shows how much power the
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device can hold continuously. 3,000 W corresponds to 4 hp (an
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e-bike has a maximum of 250 W). Not to be confused with
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Peak Watt</b>: Maximum power that the device can reach for a
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very short time.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b id="wh">Wh</b>: Watt-hours, energy storage information, shows
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how much energy the <R href="#akku">battery</R> can store. 3,000
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Wh means the battery could give 3,000 W for over an hour, or
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1,500 W for 2 hours etc.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>BMS</b>: stands for Battery Management System,{" "}
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<R href="#BMS">explained here</R>
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Voltage sag</b>: Voltage drop, the battery loses voltage for
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a short period of time under high load, which increases the amps
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flowing when the same power is requested.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Freespin</b>: Maximum spin speed the motor can reach when
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lifting the device. Calculate minus 20 km/h to get approximately
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the reachable top speed.
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>16 inch</b>: describes the tire size, in this case 16 inches
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(40 cm) in diameter. Small diameters are agile and have a quick
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response, large diameters (up to 24 inches, 60 cm) feel heavy
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and sluggish but are significantly more stable at speed.
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</p>
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<div>
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<p>
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<b>Charging Amps</b>: The maximum amps that the device can
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charge with. Most new devices charge with a maximum of 10
|
|
amps, i.e., 10 A * 126 V = 1,260 watts. The charging time is
|
|
calculated as follows:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table style={{ width: "100%", "font-size": "initial" }}>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>capacity</td>
|
|
<td>÷ (</td>
|
|
<td>volts</td>
|
|
<td>×</td>
|
|
<td>amps</td>
|
|
<td>) =</td>
|
|
<td>time</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>3,300 Wh</td>
|
|
<td>÷ (</td>
|
|
<td>126 V</td>
|
|
<td>×</td>
|
|
<td>10 A</td>
|
|
<td>) =</td>
|
|
<td>2.6 h</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--sicherheit-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h2 id="sicherheit">Safety</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The second most common question is usually whether you don't just
|
|
fall off and whether it's safe at all. The short answer: yes, it is.
|
|
While there are risks, as with any mode of transportation, they are
|
|
much smaller and less important than one might initially assume.
|
|
Nevertheless, a few safety-related aspects have arisen over the
|
|
years, which are further explained here:
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--ausrüstung-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="ausrüstung">Safety gear</h3>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/Gear2.jpg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/Gear1.jpg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Any EUC YouTuber and experienced rider will tell you that protective
|
|
gear is essential. Depending on the speed, protective equipment
|
|
definitely includes hand and knee guards like the famous{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Leatt-Brace-Unisex-Double-5017010182/dp/B01M9DCEPO?th are popular =1&psc=1">
|
|
Leatt dual axis knee guards
|
|
</R>
|
|
. At speeds <b>below 30 km/h</b>, i.e., very small devices, you can
|
|
also ride without equipment if necessary. It's not something people
|
|
like to see, but if you're a bit sporty, you can just outrun every
|
|
crash. Something that is not possible with bicycles.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
At higher speeds (<b>above 30 km/h</b>) a helmet should be worn,
|
|
preferably a full face helmet. An MTB helmet is sufficient for
|
|
speeds up to 60 km/h, or one from the motocross sector. Elbow and
|
|
shoulder protection should also be considered. The{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://lazyrolling.com/">LazyRolling</R> jackets are
|
|
popular here, as they all have built-in protectors and usually also
|
|
offer good visibility at night. For the helmets, the{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://www.ridetsg.com/shop/pass-pro-solid-color----bonus-visor-/79025-30-173/">
|
|
TSG Pass
|
|
</R>{" "}
|
|
and recently the{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://www.predatorhelmets.com/products/dh6-x">
|
|
Predator DH6-X
|
|
</R>{" "}
|
|
are very popular because of the high field of view, small weight and
|
|
stylish look. At speeds of <b>80 to 100 km/h</b> you should think
|
|
about motorcycle gear as the items mentioned above are not built for
|
|
these speeds.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Generally, 2 things apply:
|
|
<br />
|
|
The best gear is the one you wear. This means that no matter how
|
|
good your gear is, it only works if you actually wear it. It has to
|
|
be comfortable, and you have to feel good in it. <br />
|
|
And: Dress for the slide, not the ride. This states that you should
|
|
always dress appropriately for the worst-case scenario. For example,
|
|
on an Inmotion V8 with a top speed of 28 km/h, you should not wear
|
|
full motorcycle gear as it will limit your vision and would be far
|
|
too much for the situation. But you also don't wear a bike helmet on
|
|
a Master Pro with 100 km/h.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div>
|
|
<Asset src="/images/Gear3.webp" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--cut-offs-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="cutout">Cut-offs</h3>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/Cutout1.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Cut-offs are the largest source of accidents the rider is mostly not
|
|
responsible for. A cut-off or cut-out means that the device switches
|
|
off in the middle of the ride and the driver jumps off in the best
|
|
case, and in the worst-case slams directly into the asphalt. There
|
|
are many reasons for this, here are a few examples:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
When <b>overloaded</b>, older or poorly built devices simply shut
|
|
off, either because they burned out or because the electronics are
|
|
protecting themselves from burning out. Overloading happens when you
|
|
climb steep paths, when you hit a big hump in the road at high
|
|
speed, or when you accelerate again close to the top speed. Of
|
|
course, this behavior has not gone unnoticed, which is why
|
|
manufacturers have incorporated techniques to avoid overload induced
|
|
cut-off.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Almost all devices emit a loud beeping sound when they are close to
|
|
the load limit to warn the driver. Many also use tilt-back to keep
|
|
riders below top speed, which works very effectively. It also
|
|
happens more and more frequently that the motor is only switched off
|
|
for a very short time in the event of an overload, in order to
|
|
protect the electronics. This then causes a{" "}
|
|
<R href="#pedaldip">pedal dip</R>, and in most cases the ride can be
|
|
continued normally.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Motherboards are now so robust and power output is so high that
|
|
overload induced cut-outs are rare, and then only when the rider is
|
|
driving extremely aggressively or there was something wrong with the
|
|
device beforehand, like in this example video right.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Another reason, which mostly affects the newest devices (usually
|
|
devices from the first batch), is the presence of{" "}
|
|
<b>software bugs or faulty hardware</b>. This reason for cut-outs is
|
|
the scariest because it can just happen. Regardless of the speed and
|
|
workload. A well-known example here was the Inmotion V12 cut-outs,
|
|
in which the built-in MOSFETs were faulty and thus led to cut-offs
|
|
in many devices. In the devices produced later, such problems are
|
|
usually eliminated.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The final example here is a <b>low battery</b>. When the battery is
|
|
low, the device no longer runs at the full 100.8 V, but rather
|
|
around 80 V. If a lot of power is now required, there will be a
|
|
voltage drop as described in the <R href="#akku">Battery</R>{" "}
|
|
chapter. If the voltage falls below the minimum, the electronics
|
|
switch off. Modern devices limit the top speed when the battery
|
|
level drops, but in particular some <R href="#begode">Gotway</R>{" "}
|
|
devices don't do this. This causes riders to demand high performance
|
|
despite a low battery level, and thus not only damage their battery
|
|
in the long term, but also damage themselves in the short term as a
|
|
result of a cut-off.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Despite all these reasons, cut-outs are very rare and, if you ride
|
|
correctly, almost never a problem. And if you buy historically safe
|
|
devices like the KS16X or Veteran Sherman, you can be relatively
|
|
unmindful.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--akkusicheit-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="akkuss">Battery safety and fires</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
First of all: in contrast to for example hoverboards, unicycles are
|
|
quite safe in terms of fire and battery safety. In the past,
|
|
however, <R href="#begode">Gotway/Begode</R> in particular was known
|
|
for battery fires and a lack of battery safety. But since recently
|
|
the{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://youtu.be/8h41p13e4TU?t=610">
|
|
{" "}
|
|
KS S22 prototype burned spectacularly
|
|
</R>
|
|
, the worry is now also there for other brands.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/shortS22Fire.MP4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/burned.png" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are several <b>causes</b>, here are a few examples:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Deep discharge</b>, i.e., discharging below the recommended cell
|
|
voltage, damages the <R href="#akku">battery</R> and increases the
|
|
risk. Begode in particular has little protection, and usually allows
|
|
a lot of power to be drawn when the battery level is low, by letting
|
|
the device run until it's completely drained. But Ninebot also has a
|
|
problem with this, because the <R href="#akku">battery</R> also
|
|
discharges when the device is off due to the <R href="#BMS">BMS</R>.
|
|
Long standing times without recharging will lead to damage. Ninebot
|
|
has little-known brands, more on that in the{" "}
|
|
<R href="/en/manufacturers">manufacturers chapter</R>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Devices with a 4P configuration</b>, i.e., only 4{" "}
|
|
<R href="#parallelen">parallel</R> Battery cell rows are also more
|
|
often affected by battery fires. As mentioned in the{" "}
|
|
<R href="#akku">Battery</R> part, this is because the cells are
|
|
heavily loaded in a 4P configuration and therefore can be damaged
|
|
and only have a short lifespan.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Physical damage</b>, i.e., shock or penetration of the cells, can
|
|
also lead to a short circuit and, in the worst case, to a fire. This
|
|
is rather rare, but also more common with Begode, since the
|
|
batteries are packed exclusively in shrinkwrap and can then move
|
|
relatively freely in the housing. Whereas{" "}
|
|
<R href="/en/manufacturers">Kingsong</R> and{" "}
|
|
<R href="/en/manufacturers">Inmotion</R> pack the batteries
|
|
separately and usually also make them waterproof.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Short circuits</b> on the motherboard are probably the most
|
|
common causes of fires while or after driving. This aspect is quite
|
|
self-explanatory and can only be prevented with adequate fuses on
|
|
the <R href="#BMS">BMS</R>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Water damage</b> in the battery pack or on the motherboard can
|
|
lead to flashovers, as with any electronic device. These can still
|
|
lead to a fire days later, especially if the device is charged after
|
|
it has been completely soaked. There was one{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://youtu.be/WFLHCIbDJAw?t=939">case</R> just recently.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/BMS.jpg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Battery safety</b>: A <b id="BMS">BMS</b> is responsible for
|
|
this. A <b>B</b>attery <b>M</b>anagement <b>S</b>ystem has the task
|
|
<br />
|
|
- to protect the battery from excessive currents,
|
|
<br />
|
|
- not to let it discharge below the specified voltage,
|
|
<br />
|
|
- not to charge it beyond the maximum voltage,
|
|
<br />
|
|
- keep an eye on the temperature and
|
|
<br />- disconnect from the rest of the system in the event of a
|
|
short circuit.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Better BMS's, also known as smart BMS, can also actively adjust the
|
|
voltage of the cells in order to avoid too great of a voltage
|
|
difference between the cells. This is very important for the
|
|
longevity of a battery pack.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
So far (2022) only the Kingsong S22 has a smart{" "}
|
|
<R href="#BMS">BMS</R> which allows you to see and control the
|
|
voltage of each cell in the app. Non-smart <R href="#BMS">BMS</R>{" "}
|
|
have so-called passive balance, i.e., passive adjustment of the
|
|
voltages of the cells. To do this, the device must be charged
|
|
regularly to 100 % and then left plugged in for a longer period of
|
|
time.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--fahrweise-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="fahrweise">Ride style</h3>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/FahrweiseNYC.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/FahrweiseNYC4bad.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
By far the greatest safety risk is the rider's riding style. Similar
|
|
to motorcycles, reckless driving and excessive speeds can quickly
|
|
lead to accidents. Unlike motorcycles, hardly anyone dies in an
|
|
accident involving an EUC. With a few exceptions, the devices are so
|
|
small and relatively slow that there are injuries, but hardly any
|
|
fatalities.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Nevertheless, there are also a few interesting phenomena here:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In contrast to scooters, the <b>steep learning curve</b> ensures
|
|
more respect for the device and one's own skills. Many only go near
|
|
the traffic when they have practiced longer and feel safe, whereas,
|
|
especially with rental scooters, the first ride usually takes place
|
|
directly between cars or pedestrians. This results in significantly
|
|
fewer incidents involving EUCs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Riding the EUC is a very <b>skill-based</b> means of transport. Even
|
|
the emergency brake has to be practiced for a long time, in
|
|
different scenarios and especially in curves. It often happens that
|
|
drivers stop actively pushing and improving themselves after the
|
|
first few kilometers. Therefore, some with years of riding
|
|
experience are unsafe when getting on and off, and do not know how
|
|
to help themselves in emergency situations. Many have an incorrect
|
|
stance or ride on wobbly legs, which causes{" "}
|
|
<R href="#wobbles">wobbles</R> and leads to falls. That's also the
|
|
reason why the New Yorker riders have fewer accidents than other
|
|
groups and cities, despite or because they drive so aggressively and
|
|
therefore have a very higher skill level. These machines can only do
|
|
as much as their driver, and with the right skill they are capable
|
|
of incredible things.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/FahrweiseNYC2.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/FahrweiseNYC3.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Accidents</b> themselves are also worth mentioning here, because
|
|
there are some crucial differences that make EUCs safer than other
|
|
vehicles in a certain way.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
First, you <b>stand upright</b> and have your hands and body free.
|
|
That alone makes it much easier to catch a fall than, for example,
|
|
with a bicycle or scooter. With them you either fly over the
|
|
handlebars or slip sideways and don't have both legs to catch you.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Secondly, you stand facing <b>forwards</b>, and therefore don't get{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/de/worterbuch/englisch/yeet">
|
|
yeeted
|
|
</R>{" "}
|
|
sideways into the ground like on Onewheels. Most can just jump off
|
|
and run out under 26 km/h without even falling. This is otherwise
|
|
only possible with very few devices of this type. Of course, you are
|
|
not as safe as on a big motorbike, or as in a car. But compared to a
|
|
motorcycle, the speeds are usually way lower and therefore much less
|
|
dangerous. In addition, you usually wear the recommended equipment
|
|
anyway, so that 99 % of the time nothing happens at all.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--wobbles-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="wobbles">Wobbles</h3>
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/videos/Whobble2.mp4" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Wobbles are a problem not fully understood yet. Wobble describes the{" "}
|
|
<b>shaking</b> of the device side to side while riding fast. As
|
|
mentioned in the <R href="#tires">tires</R> topic, road tires tend
|
|
to wobble more often. The device then wobbles in it's own resonance,
|
|
also known in the motorcycle's world.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
You can avoid this by keeping the <b>tire pressure</b> lower and
|
|
having a balanced machine, i.e., with an even weight distribution.
|
|
It also helps to be <b>carved</b> slightly, i.e., to ride slight
|
|
slalom. If you still get wobbles, it helps to have good{" "}
|
|
<R href="#pads">pads</R> as they give you more grip on the device
|
|
and thus more time to react. But there are different opinions on how
|
|
to actually end them: some say you should relax and brake, others
|
|
say never brake, but grip harder and accelerate.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
However, the example video here is also an extreme case, albeit
|
|
perfectly saved with the knee pads. In a normal case, you would feel
|
|
a slight wobble when braking, and over time you would get it under
|
|
control. Generally, many say it's a <b>matter of training</b> and
|
|
experience. Also, devices like Gotway's MSuper series, RS's and
|
|
EXN's are more vulnerable than, for example, the Veteran Sherman or
|
|
the <R href="/en/KS22">KS S22</R>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--leistng-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="leistung">Performance as a safety feature</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Especially politicians and people outside of this sport think that
|
|
more performance equals more risk. They are almost right with
|
|
scooters and e-bikes because they do not depend on power for
|
|
stabilization. EUCs, Onewheels, and all manner of hoverboards and
|
|
Segways are, though, and that creates a bit of a contradiction. More
|
|
power gives the rider a lot of <b>braking safety</b>, and{" "}
|
|
<b>reduces the risk</b> of overload-induced{" "}
|
|
<R href="#cutout">cut-offs</R>. A larger battery also provides more{" "}
|
|
<b>power reserves</b> for difficult terrain. But more power also
|
|
means significantly higher speeds, which opens the door to all the
|
|
bad accidents in the first place.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--federung-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="federung">Suspension as a safety feature</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Almost all new and announced devices have some form of built-in
|
|
suspension. Initially seen as a gimmick and "off-road only", this
|
|
feature is slowly becoming a necessity. Because with a
|
|
self-balancing device, every bump in the road causes a power spike
|
|
in the controller. This is usually not a problem at 35 km/h, but at
|
|
70 km/h it can be too much for many devices. Suspension takes away
|
|
most of the power spike that occurs, while also making sure that
|
|
rider's feet don't get shot off the pedals. The exception here are
|
|
the pogo stick designs in the Inmotion V11, which in exceptional
|
|
cases simply shoot up the rider instead of dampening him.
|
|
Nevertheless, the progressive suspensions in particular not only
|
|
ensure significantly more comfort, but also rider safety. And allow
|
|
mountain bike-like performance on the trails.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--reifen-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h3 id="reifen">Tires</h3>
|
|
<Asset src="/images/Tires.PNG" />
|
|
<p>Tires can be divided into 3 categories:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Offroad</b> tires, also known as knobbies, have a large and
|
|
usually a very rough profile. They tend to be noisier on the road,
|
|
have a larger turning circle, and don't feel nearly as agile and
|
|
nimble on the road as street tires. On the other hand, they usually
|
|
have an excellent grip in the forest and can also drive through deep
|
|
mud. It was also found that knobbies wobble less than street tires (
|
|
<R href="https://youtu.be/qcRcUIF69LU">comparison</R>
|
|
), probably because of the lower tire pressure and the softer
|
|
material. Knobbies also have the advantage that they usually last
|
|
longer. A standard Kenda K262 easily lasts 10,000 km, whereas a CST
|
|
road tire only lasts 3,000 - 4,000 km.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Street tires</b> are, as the name suggests, better suited for
|
|
asphalt, they make the device appear more agile and faster than a
|
|
knobby. They are also significantly quieter; they feel significantly
|
|
better in curves and allow very fine maneuvers. There are 2 tires to
|
|
mention here, the CST c-1488 which, to the chagrin of many, comes
|
|
default with the device as a standard street tire. This tire has a
|
|
short life span and, unlike the second tire, poor material. The
|
|
second well-known tire is the Michelin City pro, which consists of a
|
|
top material and therefore lasts longer.{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://youtu.be/PjNLci-06-8">City Pro review</R>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Hybrids</b> are popular with people who are not always out in the
|
|
muddy forest or only on the road. They try to offer the best of both
|
|
worlds.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There is another type, only used in special cases like on the Z10: a
|
|
full rubber airless tire. Very harsh to ride, puncture proof and
|
|
long-lasting.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--historie-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h2 id="historie">History of EUCs</h2>
|
|
|
|
<div class="righties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/historieEUC.webp" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/solowheel-1.jpg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The underlying technique came with the
|
|
<R href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_Personal_Transporter">
|
|
<b>Segway</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
on the market. But lacking performance, battery size and
|
|
construction, together with bad design and a 10k price made for a
|
|
spectacular flop of this technology. There were first prototypes and
|
|
individual tests of an EUC as early as 1930, but it was not until
|
|
the <b>SoloWheel</b> in 2010 that it had the typical properties of
|
|
today's EUC. Even if this is the first considerable EUC, it is
|
|
hardly usable from today's perspective. Unergonomic, weak, far too
|
|
small of a battery and therefore hardly any braking or acceleration
|
|
power (see{" "}
|
|
<R href="#performance">Performance as a safety feature</R>).
|
|
Nonetheless, this device marked the start of the sport, and thus
|
|
defined it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
It took another 4 years for
|
|
<R href="/de/manufacturers#kinsong">
|
|
<b>KingSong</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
to be foundet and driving innovation as a competitor.
|
|
<R href="#inmotion">
|
|
<b>Inmotion</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
followed suit and set the standard for quality and features. Only
|
|
then did
|
|
<R href="#begode">
|
|
<b>Gotway</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
come onto the market. Gotway changed the nature of EUCs in a
|
|
different way, and maybe even more so than Inmotion: from the start,
|
|
they brought out more powerful devices then the others. They lacked
|
|
good design and quality and they looked like hobby projects from the
|
|
inside. Also, until recently, Gotway still used the same bad design
|
|
for all devices, whereas Kingsong and Inmotion put a lot more
|
|
thought into design and quality.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/z10.jpeg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<R href="#ninebot">
|
|
<b>Ninebot</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
bought Segway, and came out with the Ninebot One in <b>2015</b>. A
|
|
250 Wh device with stylish LEDs and a white design. Then one device
|
|
after the other came out. Gotway produces bigger and faster devices,
|
|
Inmotion, Kingsong and Ninebot offered more and more features and
|
|
tried to keep up with Gotway in terms of performance. In <b>2019</b>{" "}
|
|
we saw the release of the initially unpopular, later iconic Ninebot
|
|
Z10. 45 km/h, 1,100 Wh and an absolutely unique design still
|
|
separates it from all other devices today. But it had many problems,
|
|
and unfortunately it was the last EUC that Ninebot produced. At that
|
|
point, Gotway was already at <b>50+ km/h</b> with the Monster and
|
|
Nicola, and the batteries were twice as big. Gotway, now called
|
|
Begode, has built itself an image of high performance and speed.
|
|
Many accepted the poor build quality and rare{" "}
|
|
<R href="#akkuss">battery fires</R> because there were simply no
|
|
alternative. This was slowly changing in <b>2020</b>, when Inmotion
|
|
and Kingsong both released 50 km/h devices with a good design. And
|
|
both devices are changing the market forever.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="lefties">
|
|
<Asset src="/images/S22shutterkode1.jpg" />
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Inmotion and Kingsong both released the first devices with{" "}
|
|
<b>suspension</b> relatively simultaneously. Kingsong created
|
|
today's popular swing arm design, Inmotion developed an air piston
|
|
based pedal suspension. Begode later copied both variants, of course
|
|
in a much worse form, and ultimately stuck with the swing arm
|
|
design.
|
|
<br />
|
|
<R href="#veteran">
|
|
<b>Veteran</b>
|
|
</R>
|
|
(Lieperkim) entered the market this year with the absolute
|
|
bestseller Veteran Sherman. Just this device and the{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://youtu.be/i2OwOEHQ4vA">videos</R> about it launched
|
|
a whole wave of new unicyclers, just plain because it was the first
|
|
well built and at the same time super fast device. Finally, you were
|
|
no longer dependent on the inferior quality of Begode, but could
|
|
cruise stably at <b>70 km/h</b> and didn't have to worry about the
|
|
batteries flying out of the housing in the event of a crash.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>2022</b> is the year with the most wheel launches, Begode alone
|
|
has released or announced at least 7 devices, 6 of them with
|
|
suspension. Inmotion has announced the V13 and Kingsong has brought
|
|
out a bestseller with the S22. With the Sherman S, Veteran has now
|
|
also presented a suspension unicycle that will probably set new
|
|
standards in terms of robustness and quality.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
As you can easily see from the story so far, companies and unicycles
|
|
are <b>developing faster and faster</b>. It took almost 6 years
|
|
after the first unicycle until serious devices came onto the market.
|
|
Then only 4 years to go from a shaky 35 km/h to a stable 70 km/h and
|
|
100 km range. And in the last 2 years there have been so many
|
|
innovations; Metal construction, suspension, smart BMS's, screens,
|
|
spiked pedals as standard, usable <R href="#pads">pads</R> as
|
|
standard, water resistance, 100 km/h top speed, 240 km range, almost
|
|
5,000 Wh batteries...
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
{/*
|
|
<!--auflistung-->
|
|
*/}
|
|
<div>
|
|
<h2 id="geraete">List of devices</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Only the most relevant and well-known devices are listed here, a
|
|
complete, sortable overview is available{" "}
|
|
<R href="https://www.electricunicycles.eu/product_catalog">here</R>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<div class="raster">
|
|
<DeviceTile
|
|
href="/en/KSS22"
|
|
name="Kingsong S22"
|
|
src="/videos/S20Werbevideo.mp4"
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Kingsong 16X" src="/images/KS16X.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Inmotion V8" src="/images/inmotionV8.jfif" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Inmotion V10" src="/videos/V10.mp4" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Inmotion V11" src="/images/V11 2.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Inmotion V12" src="/images/V12 2.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Inmotion V13" src="/images/V13 2.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Kingsong S18" src="/images/S18.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Begode Master" src="/images/Master.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Begode T4" src="/images/T4.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Begode Mten4" src="/images/Mten4.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Begode Master Pro" src="/images/Master Pro.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile name="Begode EX30" src="/images/EX30.jpg" />
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile
|
|
name="Gotway Monster Pro"
|
|
src="/images/MonsterPro.jpg"
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile
|
|
name="Veteran Sherman"
|
|
src="/images/moddedSherman1.jpg"
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<DeviceTile
|
|
name="Veteran Sherman S"
|
|
src="/images/ShermanSepic.jpg"
|
|
/>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</article>
|
|
<footer />
|
|
</Body>
|
|
);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
export default Overview;
|